At a point in each project, we go through the process of defining Chips for that project, in order to develop a Chip library.

A chip can, therefore, be a whole factory, a building, a production line, or a single machine within a production line.These different levels will often result in a hierarchy of Chips, so that big Chips can later be broken into small Chips.

They're used in different ways at different stages of a project, or in different ways by different users within a project..The data structures that we build around Chips allow data to be aggregated between different levels.. We can associate any type of data with a Chip.Conventional engineering data is perhaps the most obvious, but we also include data like staffing levels, containment requirements, power consumption, or even the level of design uncertainty.

This allows for visualisation of different issues within a project..It's important that when we define chips, we don't leave gaps.

We aim to capture everything: the building, the equipment, operations, software, hazards, quality requirements, whatever is important in that system.

At the point of inquiry, we are trying to get that information loaded into that Chip..Attenuation measures include the provision of openable windows, increased fresh air rates and avoiding air recirculation..

Balancing improvements to air quality and energy efficiency..Some of the recommendations widely accepted in the industry for the re-occupation of buildings post-pandemic have a direct impact on energy efficiency.

In order to improve indoor air quality and reduce the likelihood of pathogens, fresh air rates need to be increased and air filters should be installed.However, that increases energy consumption from fans.